Deficit Spending and the National Income

Comparing the Income Elasticity of Health Spending in Middle-Income and High-Income Countries: The Role of Financial Protection

Background As middle-income countries become more affluent, economically sophisticated and productive, health expenditure patterns are likely to change. Other socio-demographic and political changes that accompany rapid economic growth are also likely to influence health spending and financial protection.   Methods This study investigates the relationship between growth on per-capita healthcare...

Mitochondria, complexity, and evolutionary deficit spending.

Lynch and Marinov (1) challenge our findings (2) that mitochondria are essential to the prokaryote−eukaryote transition. Their paper states: “Lane and Martin introduced the cost of a gene as an argument for the impossibility of high levels of cellular/developmental complexity without a power-generating mitochondrion.” Scrutinizing bioenergetic costs, they conclude that “an energetic boost assoc...

National medical care spending.

Income and spending patterns among panhandlers.

Panhandlers are a highly visible group of street people in urban areas. Some believe panhandlers must beg because they have fallen through the social safety net, but others have suggested that panhandlers make considerable amounts of money and spend most of it on their addictions. This raises the question of whether giving money to panhandlers is beneficial to them or not. Income from panhandli...

National Income and the Environment

There is widespread recognition that we need to revise our methods of measuring national income to incorporate better the impact of economic activity on environmental assets. Our aim here is to investigate alternative concepts of national income in a dynamic economy, one a generalization of Hicksian income and the other a generalization of the welfare economics concept of income as the value of...